The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyan, is a Mars exploration spacecraft designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The spacecraft lifted off on 5 November 2013 from the first launch pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR located at Srihairkota, Andhra Pradesh, India. It successfully entered Martian orbit on 24 September 2014 at 7.30am IST.
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The core objectives of the Mangalyan spacecraft include discovering technical aspects relating to the surface, features, morphology, mineralogy and atmosphere on Mars, with the help of locally developed scientific instruments.
ISRO aims to gather data to establish how Martian weather systems work and know what happened to the water that is supposed to have been formerly present on the planet. It will also search for methane, which is an important chemical in life processes.
At $73m (INR 4.5bn), India’s Mars mission is considered to be the cheapest by any nation. The Nasa’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, with an estimated cost of $485m, was launched on 18 November 2013.
Design of India’s Mars orbiter spacecraft
The MOM spacecraft was designed and manufactured by ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) located at Peenya Industrial Estates in Bengaluru, India. The spacecraft is fitted with similar core structure and systems which were used in Chandrayaan-1 Moon orbiter mission by ISRO.
The MOM spacecraft has a launch mass of 1,340kg including a dry mass of 475kg, a payload mass of 15kg, and a fuel load of 852kg. It is equipped with a single deployable solar array with three panels each measuring 1.4m x 1.8m in size. It also includes a yoke and drive mechanism.
The solar array will provide 840W of electrical power to the spacecraft at Mars, and also charging for a lithium ion battery with a capacity of 36 amp-hours.
The spacecraft is based on the I-1K satellite bus platform manufactured by ISRO. The satellite bus is cuboidal, featuring composite and metallic honeycomb sandwich panels.
Mangalyan (MOM) spacecraft development
The spacecraft development programme was approved by the government of India in August 2012. The individual spacecraft components assembly began in 2012 and was completed in March 2013. The payload instruments were integrated in April 2013.
The spacecraft testing was completed between August and September 2013. The programme was completed within 15 months.
Details of Mangalyan: India’s Mars orbiter mission
The MOM spacecraft is placed at Mars elliptical orbit of 250km by 23,500km at an inclination of 19.2°.
The spacecraft stayed on trans-Martian orbit for around 300 days, before entering the Mars orbit in September 2014. It will travel more than 780 million kilometres to complete orbiting Mars.
India’s Mars orbiter spacecraft equipment
The spacecraft is fitted with five scientific payload instruments weighing about 15kg. The payloads include lyman alpha photometer (LAP), Martian exospheric neutral composition analyser (MENCA), Mars colour camera (MCC), methane sensor for Mars (MSM), and thermal infrared imaging system (TIS).
The LAP weights 1.5kg and includes an ultraviolet detector. Its role is to determine the deuterium-to-hydrogen abundance ratio in the Martian atmosphere. The MENCA is a 4kg quadrupole mass spectrometer. It will study the exospheric neutral density and composition of Mars surface over altitudes of about 372km.
The MCC weighs 1.4kg and includes a 2,000pxx2,000px array detector with RGB bayer filter. The payload will take 50km x 50km frame size colour images to study the Martian surface topography.
The MSM payload weighs 3.6kg and includes a Fabry-Perot Etalon sensor. Its objective is to measure methane concentrations in the Mars atmosphere. The TIS payload weighs 4kg and includes a spectrometer. It will measure thermal emissions from the Martian surface.
The spacecraft is also fitted with a parabolic X-band reflector high gain antenna with a 2.2m diameter, which will be used for data downlink and command uplink. The low and medium antennas fitted to the aircraft enable low-bandwidth communications. It includes two solid state recorders with a storage capacity of 16GB in the spacecraft.
Data from the spacecraft will be downlinked using 18m and 32m antennae of Indian Deep Space Network, located at Bangalore.
Launch vehicle for India’s Mars orbiter spacecraft
The spacecraft was launched atop of PSLV-XL C25 rocket. The rocket used a combination of solid and liquid-fuelled propulsion in the four stages of launch. The propulsion system included two spherical propellant tanks each holding 390l of propellant.
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